Knee Arthroscopic | Dr. Mohit Madan

Knee arthroscopy is recommended when patients suffer from persistent knee pain, swelling, stiffness, or limited mobility that does not improve with medications, physiotherapy, or lifestyle changes. Conditions such as torn meniscus, ACL or PCL injuries, loose bone fragments, damaged cartilage, and recurrent joint infections are common reasons for this procedure. It is also performed when imaging tests like MRI or X-rays do not provide sufficient detail for diagnosis. By providing direct visualization of the knee joint, arthroscopy helps doctors accurately assess the extent of damage and simultaneously correct the problem with minimally invasive techniques.

Knee arthroscopy is usually performed under regional or general anesthesia. The surgeon makes small incisions near the knee and inserts the arthroscope, a pencil-thin camera, into the joint. The camera projects images onto a monitor, guiding the surgeon in performing repairs using specialized instruments inserted through other small incisions. Common repairs include trimming or repairing torn meniscus, reconstructing ligaments, smoothing damaged cartilage, or removing loose fragments. Because the incisions are tiny, there is minimal disruption to surrounding tissues. The surgery typically takes 30–60 minutes, depending on complexity, and patients can often return home the same day after recovery monitoring.

Knee arthroscopy is a versatile procedure that can treat several conditions. These include meniscus tears, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries, loose bone or cartilage fragments, damaged or worn-out cartilage, and inflamed joint linings (synovitis). It can also address kneecap alignment problems, cyst removal, and some forms of knee arthritis. In addition, arthroscopy is valuable in diagnosing unexplained knee pain or swelling when imaging studies are inconclusive. The minimally invasive nature of the procedure makes it an effective option for both simple and complex knee joint issues, ensuring quicker recovery and improved joint function.

The main advantages of knee arthroscopy over traditional open surgery include smaller incisions, reduced tissue damage, and faster recovery. Patients usually experience less pain, minimal blood loss, and smaller scars. The risk of infection and complications is also significantly lower compared to open surgery. Additionally, arthroscopy allows for early mobilization, enabling patients to begin physiotherapy and return to normal activities sooner. The procedure can be performed as day-care surgery, meaning patients often go home the same day. These benefits make knee arthroscopy a preferred treatment option for both patients and surgeons in managing knee-related problems effectively.

Recovery after knee arthroscopy varies depending on the patient’s age, overall health, and the extent of the procedure. Most patients can walk with support within a day or two, and light activities can often resume within few days. Full recovery, including return to sports or physically demanding work, may take few days or week if ligament reconstruction is involved. Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in strengthening the joint and restoring full range of motion. Patients are generally advised to avoid strenuous activities until cleared by the surgeon, ensuring safe and complete rehabilitation.

Knee arthroscopy is generally safe, but like any surgical procedure, it carries some risks. These may include infection, bleeding, blood clots, nerve or blood vessel injury, and stiffness in the knee joint. In rare cases, patients may continue to experience pain or swelling after surgery. The overall complication rate is much lower than with open knee surgery, thanks to the minimally invasive nature of the procedure. Most risks can be minimized with proper surgical technique, post-operative care, and adherence to physiotherapy recommendations, helping patients achieve a smooth and effective recovery process after knee arthroscopy surgery.

Yes, physiotherapy is a critical part of recovery after knee arthroscopy. Exercises are designed to reduce stiffness, improve range of motion, and strengthen muscles around the knee joint. A physiotherapist will usually guide patients through exercises that can be performed at home or in supervised sessions. Early mobilization helps prevent complications like blood clots or joint stiffness. The duration of physiotherapy depends on the condition treated and the patient’s progress, but most people benefit in few days of guided therapy. Consistent rehabilitation is essential for regaining strength, balance, and confidence in knee function after surgery.

The timeline for returning to work after knee arthroscopy depends on the type of work and extent of surgery. For desk jobs or sedentary work, many patients return within few days. Jobs requiring prolonged standing, walking, or light physical activity may take few days to a weeks. Physically demanding occupations or sports activities may require few weeks or more, especially after ligament reconstruction. The surgeon will assess recovery progress before clearing patients for full duties. Following rehabilitation and avoiding premature stress on the knee are key to preventing re-injury and ensuring a safe return to normal activities.

Knee arthroscopy cannot cure arthritis, as arthritis involves widespread joint degeneration. However, it may help relieve symptoms in some patients by smoothing rough cartilage, removing loose fragments, or flushing out inflammatory tissue. Arthroscopy is sometimes performed to reduce pain and improve mobility in patients with mild to moderate arthritis, but results vary. For advanced arthritis, knee replacement may be a more effective option. Your doctor will evaluate the severity of joint damage before recommending arthroscopy. While not a cure, the procedure may provide temporary relief and help delay the need for more extensive surgery.

Knee arthroscopy has a high success rate, especially for treating meniscus tears, ligament injuries, and cartilage damage. Most patients experience significant pain relief, improved joint function, and faster recovery compared to traditional surgery. The outcome depends on the specific condition treated, the patient’s overall health, and adherence to rehabilitation protocols. Success rates are generally higher in younger patients with localized injuries and lower in patients with advanced arthritis. While not a solution for every knee problem, arthroscopy remains one of the safest and most effective minimally invasive surgical options for diagnosing and treating common knee joint disorders.

Good candidates for knee arthroscopy are patients with persistent knee pain, swelling, stiffness, or mechanical symptoms like locking and clicking that do not improve with conservative treatment. Those with torn meniscus, ACL/PCL injuries, cartilage damage, or loose bone fragments are ideal candidates. Patients should be in generally good health, with no uncontrolled infections or severe arthritis, as advanced arthritis may not benefit much from arthroscopy. Doctors assess suitability through physical exams, X-rays, or MRI scans before recommending surgery. When performed on the right candidates, knee arthroscopy offers effective symptom relief and improved joint function with minimal downtime.